Journal of Global Trade, Ethics and Law

Vol. 1 No. 2 (2023): Journal of Global Trade, Ethics and Law
Articles

The U.S. – Lithuanian Defence Cooperation and Arms Acquisition from the U.S.

PDF
  • Donatas Palavenis
Donatas Palavenis
The Baltic Institute of Advanced Technology (BPTI)

Published 2023-07-19

Keywords

  • National Security Strategy,
  • Defence Policy,
  • Arms Sales,
  • Defence Cooperation Security Agency,
  • Foreign Military Sales

Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Global Trade, Ethics and Law

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

The U.S. – Lithuanian Defence Cooperation and Arms Acquisition from the U.S. (2023). Journal of Global Trade, Ethics and Law, 1(2), 99-134. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8096835

Abstract

The study aims to characterize the U.S. and Lithuanian defence cooperation from 1990–2020, including arms procurements. Findings suggest close defence cooperation between countries at the Presidential, Congressional, and Defence Ministry/Secretary levels. The most developed cooperation areas are joint participation in international operations, improvements of the Lithuanian Armed Forces’ capabilities, and an increase of the U.S. military presence in the Baltic region. An analysis of Lithuanian defence procurements between 1990–2020 indicates that the majority of defence armaments were acquired from the U.S. using the Foreign Military Sales venue, while other options to obtain armaments were not used.

PDF

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Baksa, Benjámin. 2019. “The U.S. and the Eastern European Defence Cooperation Agreements: Impacts, Geopolitics and the Hungarian Case.” Foreign Policy Review 12: 112–27. https://kki.hu/en/foreign-policy-review-2019/.
  2. Baltic Times. 2019. “Lithuanian Army Signs Preliminary EUR 8.7 Mln Contract on Communication Systems.” https://www.baltictimes.com/lithuanian_army_signs_preliminary_eur_8_7_mln_contract_on_communication_systems/.
  3. Barrett, Rick. 2017. “Oshkosh Corp. Receives $195 Million Order for More Military Vehicles.” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, https://eu.jsonline.com/story/money/2017/08/02/oshkosh-corp-receives-195-million-order-more-military-vehicles/533522001/.
  4. Bea. 2023. “Lithuania - International Trade and Investment Country Facts.” https://apps.bea.gov/international/factsheet/factsheet.html#333.
  5. Carraher, Shawn M., Jane Whitney Gibson, and M. Ronald Buckley. 2006. “Compensation satisfaction in the Baltics and the USA.” Baltic Journal of Management 1(1): 7-23. https://www.emerald.com/insight/publication/issn/1746-5265/vol/1/iss/1.
  6. Čiburienė, Jadvyga, and Galina Zaharieva. 2006. “International Trade as a factor of competitiveness: comparison of Lithuanian and Bulgarian cases.” Inžinerinė ekonomika 4: 48-56. https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/33995.
  7. Derse, Anne E. 2010. “The Next Steps in U.S.–Lithuania.” Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review 23: 90–100. https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/74956.
  8. Department of Defence (DoD). 1998. A Charter of Partnership among the United States of America and the Republic of Estonia, Republic of Latvia, and Republic of Lithuania. U.S. Department of Defense. https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/regions/eur/ch_9801_baltic_charter.html.
  9. ———. 2006. International agreement – acquisition and cross-servicing agreement (ACSA) between the Department of Defense of the United States of America and the Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Lithuania No. USA-LTU-02. U.S. Department of Defense. https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/75310.pdf.
  10. ———. 2019. “U.S., Lithuania detail roadmap for cooperation through 2024.” https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/1803578/us-lithuania-detail-roadmap-for-cooperation-through-2024/.
  11. Department of State (DoS). 2015. Agreement between the United States of America and Lithuania. No 15-618. https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/245239.pdf.
  12. ———. 2019. “Treaties in force. A list of treaties and other international agreements of the United States in force on January 1, 2019.” https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2019-TIF-Bilaterals-6.13.2019-web-version.pdf.
  13. ———. 2020. “U.S. arms sales and defense trade.” https://www.state.gov/u-s-arms-sales-and-defense-trade/.
  14. Defence Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA). 2020a. “Excess defense articles.” https://dsca.mil/programs/excess-defense-articles-eda.
  15. ———. 2020b. “Foreign military sales.” https://dsca.mil/programs/foreign-military-sales-fms.
  16. ———. 2020c. “Joint light tactical vehicles.” https://www.dsca.mil/search/node/JOINT%20LIGHT%20TACTICAL%20VEHICLES.
  17. ———. 2020d. “Uh-60m Black Hawk helicopters.” https://www.dsca.mil/tags/uh-60m-black-hawk-helicopters.
  18. Eur-lex. 2023. Twenty-Fourth Annual Report according to Article 8(2) of Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP defining common rules governing the control of exports of military technology and equipment. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52023XG0216(01)
  19. Gathright, Nicola M., and Rima Ambrazeviciene. 2006. Learning from each other: comparative analysis of the acquisition process of Lithuania and US. Naval Postgraduate School Monterey CA.
  20. Grina, Gediminas. 2017. “Nacionalinė karinė diplomatija ir jos perspektyvos.” Lietuvos Metinė Strateginė Apžvalga, 161–82. https://doi.org/10.47459/lmsa.2017.15.8.
  21. Harris. 2002. Harris corporation awarded $13.2M contract from Lithuanian ministry of defence for Falcon II digital radio systems. https://battle-updates.com/update/harris-wins-13-2m-contract-from-lithuania/.
  22. Howard, Glen. 2018. Enabling deterrence: U.S. Security policy toward the Baltic. Paper presented at the Security of the Baltic Sea Region Revisited Amid the Baltic Centenary, 83.
  23. Jakštaitė, Gerda. 2011. “Lithuania in U.S. Foreign Policy During the Presidencies of B. Clinton and B. Obama.” Baltic Journal of Law & Politics 4 (2). https://doi.org/10.2478/v10076-011-0017-0.
  24. Jakštaitė, Gerda, Giedrius Česnakas, Ieva Karpavičiūtė, Ieva Gajauskaitė, Danguolė Bardauskaitė, and Justinas Juozaitis. 2014. “Lietuva Globalioje Erdvėje,” in Metinė Apžvalga: 2013–2014 m. Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas. https://www.vdu.lt/cris/bitstream/20.500.12259/204/1/ISSN2351-7085_2014.pdf.
  25. Jakštaitė, Gerda. 2019. “The U.S. Foreign Policy Towards The Baltic States: The Implications Of Ukraine Crisis.” Journal on Baltic Security 5 (1): 27–39. https://doi.org/10.2478/jobs-2019-0003.
  26. Kalendienė, Jonė, and Mindaugas Loda. 2019. “Impact of United States and China trade war on largest trade partners’ of Lithuania export.” Taikomoji ekonomika: sisteminiai tyrimai 13(2): 43-52. https://www.vdu.lt/cris/handle/20.500.12259/109044
  27. Mezhevich, Nikolai M., and Yuri M. Zverev. 2018. “The Economics of the Security Dilemma in the Eastern Baltic Economic Dilemmas of the Security Policy of the Eastern Baltic Countries.” Baltic region 10 (1): 73-88. https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/57135.
  28. Palavenis, Donatas. 2022. “The defense industry in Lithuania: a case study of the Lithuanian Iron Triangle through an Interconnectivity Map framework.” Journal of Baltic Studies 53 (1): 85-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2021.1969420.
  29. Lehti, Marko. 2007. “Protégé or Go-Between? The Role of the Baltic States after 9/11 in Eu–US Relations.” Journal of Baltic Studies 38 (2): 127–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629770701345065.
  30. Kažerskas, Ramūnas, Antanas Brencius, and Audrius Vitkauskas. 2012. Karinės Jūrų Pajėgos: Istorijos Metraštis. KJP.
  31. KA. 2005. Atkurtai Krašto apsaugos sistemai - 15 metų. KAM.
  32. Lietuvos bankas (Lb). 2023. “Direct investment.” https://www.lb.lt/en/direct-investment.
  33. Lb. 2021. “2020 m. ketvirtojo ketvirčio tarptautinė prekyba paslaugomis.” https://www.lb.lt/lt/naujienos/2020-m-ketvirtojo-ketvircio-tarptautine-prekyba-paslaugomis.
  34. Lietuvos Respublikos krašto apsaugos ministerija (LMoD). 2005. Krašto apsaugos ministerijos 2005–2007 metų sutrumpintas strateginis veiklos planas. No. 65. http://www.elibrary.lt/resursai/LR_ministerijos/Strategija/KAM-2005-planas.pdf.
  35. ———. 2019a. “The Lithuanian Armed forces is buying anti-UAV equipment.” http://kam.lt/en/news_1098/current_issues/the_lithuanian_armed_forces_is_buying_anti-uav_equipment.html.
  36. ———. 2019b. “De-icing equipment to be bought for the Lithuanian Air force air base in Šiauliai.” https://kam.lt/en/de-icing-equipment-to-be-bought-for-the-lithuanian-air-force-air-base-in-siauliai/.
  37. ———. 2019c. “The Lithuanian MoD and the U.S. signed a procurement contract for buying radio communication equipment for the Lithuanian Armed forces.”https://kam.lt/en/the-lithuanian-mod-and-the-u-s-signed-a-procurement-contract-for-buying-radio-communication-equipment-for-the-lithuanian-armed-forces/.
  38. ———. 2019d. “Pasirašyta sutartis dėl šarvuotųjų visureigių įsigijimo.” https://kam.lt/lt/naujienos_874/archyvas_930/ziniu_archyvas_2019_metai/ziniu_archyvas_2019-11/pasirasyta_sutartis_del_sarvuotuju_visureigiu_isigijimo.html?pbck=20.
  39. ———. 2019f. “U.S.-manufactured Javelin anti-tank missile system stocks of the Lithuanian Armed forces supplemented.” https://kam.lt/en/u-s-manufactured-javelin-anti-tank-missile-system-stocks-of-the-lithuanian-armed-forces-supplemented/.
  40. ———. 2020. “2008 – 2019 MOD budget dynamic.” http://kam.lt/en/budget_1065.html.
  41. LRP. 2002. “President Adamkus meets US president Bush.” http://adamkus.president.lt/en/one.phtml?id=2649.
  42. ———. 2017a. “Aggressive neighbourhood of Lithuania is in focus of U.S. Congress as well.” https://www.lrp.lt/en/media-center/news/28333.
  43. ———. 2017b. “Dalia Grybauskaitė directly presented to Donald Trump specific threats to Lithuania.” https://www.lrp.lt/en/media-center/news/28007.
  44. Männik, Erik. 2013. “The evolution of Baltic security and defence strategies.” In “Apprenticeship, Partnership, Membership: Twenty Years of Defence Development in the Baltic States” edited by Lawrence Tony and Jermalavičius Tomas. International Centre for Defence Studies.
  45. Mehta, Aaron. 2020. “US Approves $7.5 Billion in Foreign Weapons Sales in One Day.” Defense News,. https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2020/07/06/us-approves-75-billion-in-foreign-weapon-sales-in-one-day/.
  46. Miniotaite, Grazina. 2007. “The Normative Construction of the Military in Lithuania: Lithuanian Case”. PRIF- Research Paper No. I/14-2007. Peace Research Institute Frankfurt.
  47. Mix, Derek E. 2020. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania: Background and U.S.-Baltic Relations. CRS. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/details?prodcode=R46139.
  48. Norkus, Renatas. 1999. “The US Role in Lithuania‘s Foreign and Security Policy.” Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review 3: 1–11. http://lfpr.lt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/LFPR-3-Norkus.pdf.
  49. Office of the Historian (OH). 2019. “Lithuania - Countries - Office of the Historian.” https://history.state.gov/countries/lithuania.
  50. Orenius, Algirdas. 2003. “1990-2002 m. Lietuvos Krašto Apsaugos Politikos Raidos Analizė.” Viešoji Politika ir Administravimas 6: 81–93. https://repository.mruni.eu/handle/007/13830.
  51. Otzulis, Valdis, and Žaneta Ozoliņa. 2017. “Baltijos Šalių Gynybos Strategijos Formavimas: Priimančiosios Šalies Parama.” Lietuvos Metinė Strateginė Apžvalga, https://doi.org/10.47459/lmsa.2017.15.4.
  52. Seimas. 2002. Susitarimas tarp Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės ir JAV Vyriausybės dėl ginkluotės neperdavimo trečiosioms šalims. No. 111-4905. https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.193575.
  53. Seimas. 2010. Protokolas, kuriuo iš dalies keičiamas ir pratęsiamas Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės ir Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų Vyriausybės susitarimas dėl bendradarbiavimo masinio naikinimo ginklų platinimo prevencijos srityje ir dėl gynybos bei karinių santykių plėtojimo. No. 60-2963. Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybė. https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/TAIS.373156?jfwid=mmceo2rtk.
  54. Seimas. 2017. Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybės ir Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų vyriausybės susitarimas dėl bendradarbiavimo gynybos srityje. No. 2017-03714. Lietuvos Respublikos Vyriausybė. https://www.e-tar.lt/portal/lt/legalAct/fe1769b0032511e78034be159a964f47.
  55. Šešelgytė, Margarita. 2013. “A Midget Warrior: Security Choices of Lithuania.” In “Defense and Security for the Small: Perspectives from the Baltic States.” Edited by Rublovskis, R., Šešelgyte, M. and Kaljurand, R. Centre for Small State Studies. Institute of International Affairs.
  56. SIPRI. 2019. “Military expenditure by country, in local currency, 1988-2019.” https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/Data%20for%20all%20countries%20from%201988%E2%80%932019%20in%20local%20currency.pdf.
  57. SIPRI. 2020. “Trade registers.” http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php.
  58. Stankevičius, Česlovas. 1996. “Enhancing security of Lithuania and other Baltic States in 1992-94 and future guidelines.” NATO. https://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/94-96/stankevi/index.htm.
  59. Trainauskienė, Sigita. 2013. “Transatlantic Relations and Lithuania: Unfinished Issues of Security.” Lithuanian Annual Strategic Review 11 (1): 55–79. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10243-012-0023-2.
  60. Urbelis, Vaidotas. 2003. “US Strategy towards Lithuania: A Regional Approach.” Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review 11–12. http://lfpr.lt/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/LFPR-11-12-Urbelis.pdf.
  61. ———. 2005. Lietuvos Vieta JAV Didžiojoje Strategijoje. LKA. https://dspace.lka.lt/handle/123456789/511.
  62. Wikström, Jenny, and Karin Larson. 2021. “The Development of Foreign Trade in The Baltic Countries." Göteborg University. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/2463.
  63. WH. 2016. “Fact Sheet: The United States and Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania – NATO allies and global partners.” The White House. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/08/23/fact-sheet-united-states-and-estonia-latvia-and-lithuania-%E2%80%93-nato-allies.

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.